Medical Ultrasound Imaging
Thursday, 2 May 2024
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Also called B-mode echography, B-mode sonography, 2D-mode, and sonogram. B-mode ultrasound (Brightness-mode) is the display of a 2D-map of B-mode data, currently the most common form of ultrasound imaging. The development from A-mode to B-mode is that the ultrasound signal is used to produce various points whose brightness depends on the amplitude instead of the spiking vertical movements in the A-mode. Sweeping a narrow ultrasound beam through the area being examined while transmitting pulses and detecting echoes along closely spaced scan lines produces B-scan images. The vertical position of each bright dot is determined by the time delay from pulse transmission to return of the echo, and the horizontal position by the location of the receiving transducer element. To generate a rapid series of individual 2D images that show motion, the ultrasound beam is swept repeatedly. The returning sound pulses in B-mode have different shades of darkness depending on their intensities. The varying shades of gray reflect variations in the texture of internal organs. This form of display (solid areas appear white and fluid areas appear black) is also called gray scale. Different types of displayed B-mode images are: The probe movement can be performed manual (compound and static B-scanner) or automatic (real-time scanner). The image reconstruction can be parallel or sector type. See also B-Scan, 4B-Mode, and Harmonic B-Mode Imaging.  Further Reading: News & More:
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(MIP) Angiography (Doppler) images can be processed by Maximum Intensity Projection to interactively create different projections. Although the maximum intensity projection (MIP) post processing algorithm is sensitive to high signal from inflowing spins as used in MRI, it is also sensitive to high signal of any other etiology as used in ultrasound imaging. The MIP connects the high intensity dots of the blood vessels in three dimensions, providing an angiogram that can be viewed from any projection. Each point in the MIP represents the highest intensity experienced in that location on any partition within the imaging volume. For complete interpretation the base slices should also be reviewed individually and with multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) software. The MIP can then be displayed in a CINE format or filmed as multiple images acquired from different projections. See also 3D Ultrasound. •
(MPR) Multiplanar Reconstruction is a post processing technique for reformatting of a 3D data set at any angle; reconstructing e.g. the axial images into coronal, sagittal and oblique anatomical planes.
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Ultrasound images can be manipulated for evaluation in various ways. Post processing includes: 3D imaging analysis, multi planar reconstruction (MPR), maximum intensity projection (MIP), etc.
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In 3D ultrasound (US) several 2D images are acquired by moving the probe across the body surface or rotating inserted probes. 3D-mode uses the same basic concept of a 2D ultrasound but rather than take the image from a single angle, the sonographer takes a volume image. The volume image that is displayed on the screen is a software rendering of all of the detected soft-tissue combined by specialized computer software to form three-dimensional images. The 3D volume rendering technique (VR) does not rely on segmentation (segmentation techniques are difficult to apply to ultrasound pictures) and makes it possible to obtain clear 3D ultrasound images for clinical diagnosis. A 3D ultrasound produces a still image. Diagnostic US systems with 3D display functions and linear array probes are mainly used for obstetric and abdominal applications. The combination of contrast agents, harmonic imaging and power Doppler greatly improves 3D US reconstructions. 3D imaging shows a better look at the organ being examined and is used for:
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Detection of abnormal fetus development, e.g. of the face and limbs.
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Visualization of e.g. the colon and rectum.
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Pictures of blood flow in various organs or a fetus.
Fusion 3D imaging methods for generating compound images from two sets of ultrasound images (B-mode and Doppler images) enable the observation of the structural relationships between lesions and their associated blood vessels in three dimensions (maximum intensity projection). Further Reading: News & More:
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